How do shadow prices change if a model constraint is transformed from a ≤ to an = constraint?
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When a constraint is changed from ≤ to =, it becomes binding, meaning any change in the resource level will directly affect the optimal solution. If the constraint was previously non-binding, it now has a shadow price. If it was already binding, the shadow price may increase, decrease, or stay the same, depending on how the equality affects solution flexibility and the optimal objective value.